In the short-essay section, please refer to the scholars/texts/course materials you are using to support your argument. The point is answer the questions through demonstrating your knowledge of the course materials. Be specific as possible. For example, when referring to lesson notes, mention the Module and Topic. When referring to a book, refer to the scholar and title of text (chapter if from an edited volume). Listen to this assigned Africa Past and Present podcast, Episode 93: Atlantic Bonds and Biography: from South Carolina to Nigeria where Lisa Lindsay discusses the life of James Churchwill Vaughan. Drawing from course materials, discuss the significance of his words and actions. http://afripod.aodl.org/2015/09/afripod-93/ 250 words each 2) Topic 3 Slavery in the Indian Ocean World. Listen to Africa Past and Present podcast, Episode 32: Africa and the Indian Ocean and respond to the prompt in the Pause and Reflect box. http://afripod.aodl.org/2009/09/episode-32-africa-and-the-indian-ocean/ 250 words each 3) Who is Ibn Battuta and why are his writings important in historical reconstructions of ancient Ghana? What are the limitations of his writings? 250 words each 4) listen to listen to Africa Past and Present podcast, Episode 65: A Female King: Gender and Oral History in Eastern Nigeria. Achebe speaks to Igbo conceptions of gender and the impact of colonialism. What do you find fascinating about her discussions of Igbo conceptions of gender, and how do these conceptions challenge those of the European colonizers? http://afripod.aodl.org/2012/09/afripod-65/