Benchmark content area lesson plan and reflection

The content area lesson plan should include the following: •Knowledge and use of applicable language acquisition theories •Appropriate scaffolding and modeling of grade-level content knowledge and academic language •Appropriate content standards and English language proficiency standards •Appropriate content objectives and language objectives •Grade-level specific content and curriculum •Use of activities, multicultural books, and materials that integrate listening, speaking, reading, and writing •Use of various instruments and techniques to assess content-area learning for ELLs at varying levels of language and literacy development

Discuss an experience in which you learned new information through one of these types of learning.

This chapter discussed several different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational. Briefly define each of these types of learning. Discuss an experience in which you learned new information through one of these types of learning. For your specific experience, describe how the learning concept you selected applies to your experience. The first is Operant Conditioning, where reinforcement and punishments, or the consequences of an organism’s action, help to shape behaviors (Schacter, Gilbert, Nock, & Wegner, 2017). Positive reinforcement and punishment involve experiencing something pleasant or something unpleasant, respectively, to help shape behaviors. Negative reinforcement occurs when the consequence of a response is the removal of something aversive, subsequently resulting in an increased likelihood of that behavior, like taking an aspirin tablet to stop your headache. Negative punishment is the removal of something desirable to decrease a target behavior. If a parent makes a child stand in the corner as the consequence for doing something naughty, this hopefully stops the child from emitting that behavior in the future, because standing in the corner takes away the child’s ability to play. The second type of learning is Classical Conditioning, when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus, which elicits an unconditioned response. This pairing eventually produces a conditioned response, so that the originally neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, itself causing the unconditioned response (Schacter et al., 2017). Lastly, observational learning occurs by simply watching another perform an action, and we copy them, like when people show us how to line dance (Schacter et al., 2017). There is a Bernese mountain dog that I see occasionally whose name is Lio. He is a gentle giant, but he can also be a pest, since he loves my petting and affection a little too much. Whenever I pet him and stop briefly, he immediately starts grunting and squealing furiously. He also head-butts or pushes me with his paws. In response, I resume scratching him, and the head butting and noises stop. Initially I did not recognize that Lio was using Operant Conditioning on me, with head butting as a form of positive punishment. If I resumed scratching him, Lio stopped the obnoxious pushing. To avoid the pushing, I would resume petting and scratching him. As it turns out, most of the dogs I work with end up conditioning me, rather than the other way around. Nevertheless, knowing the principles of learning helps me to not only recognize when I am being conditioned by the dogs, but also recognize how I can actually teach them too. Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Nock, M.K., & Wegner, D.M. (2017). Introduction to Psychology. New York, NY: Worth.

Writing for Social Impact and Social Justice.

An op-ed (short for “opposite the editorial page”) is an opinion-based article expressing the author’s personal point of view on a timely social and cultural issue. For this assignment, write an op-ed of 3-4 pages advancing your own stance on an issue that you think is relevant and important to our current social, cultural, and/or political climate. Consider your op-ed as part of a broader social movement that intends to enact real social change—whether conceptual or active. What change do you wish to see in your world, and how might this paper help get you there? You can use this opportunity to bring awareness to a relatively unknown social problem or to bring a fresh, alternative perspective to a well-known issue. The goal of this op-ed is to persuade your readers to listen to you, see it your way, change their minds—to quote Joan Didion.

Describe The Bluest Eye.

A key image in The Bluest Eye, one that takes on symbolic importance, is delivered at the outset of the novel and reinforced again at the end—the soil: “The soil is bad for certain kinds of flowers. Certain seeds it will not nurture, certain fruit it will not bear, and when the land kills of its own volition, we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to live” (206). Choose an image or motif like the soil that takes on symbolic importance, trace it throughout the novel, and connect it to a major theme of the novel. Be sure that you develop a clear thesis about the image and support it with thoroughly analyzed textual evidence (using DIDLS and/or other analytical techniques).