The place of the bourgeoisie is fundamental to Marxist theories of history and economic development. What did the bourgeoisie do that was so significant to world history?

This paper is two sections. First section is question #1 and is 5 pages long. Second section is question #2 and is 5 pages long.
1. The place of the bourgeoisie is fundamental to Marxist theories of history and economic development. What did the bourgeoisie do that was so significant to world history? The bourgeoisie is also referenced by post-colonial writers with respect to the question of whether a ‘home grown’ bourgeoisie is present in post-colonial Africa, India, and South America. Do you think the bourgeoisie is necessary for the development of national economies and legal/political structures?

2. Why would Jameson claim that popular culture has a ‘utopian’ strain? Indeed, what is popular culture? (Hint: think Jameson, Hall, Williams.) How would the Frankfurt School – and particularly Marcuse – respond to Jameson’s claim? Is it possible for popular culture to be, or to reflect, the ‘authenticity’ some post-colonial thinkers imply is necessary for their identities? Please reference Fredric Jameson “Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture” (1979)