What is the relationship between hallmarks of addiction and physiological effects of addictive substances?

Week 3 Discussion: Short- and Long-Term Dangers of Substances Addiction may look different in different individuals. There are certain hallmarks of addiction, including tolerance and withdrawal, which have been established for recognizing when an individual crosses over from use, to abuse, to addiction. A distinct relationship exists between the hallmarks of addiction and the physiological effects of addictive substances. In this Discussion, you will examine these hallmarks and the physiological effects of addictive substances as you provide an example that demonstrates their relationship. To prepare for this Discussion: Review Foundations of Addictions Counseling, Chapter 2, “Substance Addictions.” Review the report, “Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction.” Review the article “Neurobiology of Alcohol Dependence,” Review the document titled, “Physiological Effects of Addictive Substances.” By Day 4 Post your response to the following: What is the relationship between hallmarks of addiction and physiological effects of addictive substances? Provide an example that best describes this relationship and explain why. Provide at least one citation to support your example. Note: The confidentiality of the Discussion cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, please do not include identifying details of actual individuals or organizations in your responses. Be specific and use the week’s Learning Resources in your response. By Day 6 Respond to at least two colleague: Offer another perspective based on your perspective on the hallmarks of addiction. Confirm or expand on someone else’s post using specific examples or insights.

What type of accommodations and terms would you recommend and why?

Case Study – Residence Life Use the 3 required sources and 2+ additional Pay attention to the Case Study Criteria Provide an analytical understanding of the case and answer the following questions: 1. What would be the Residence life’s obligation in regards to securing accommodations for this student? 2. Should he be allowed to keep his room, despite his PT status? 3. Is the student’s request to have a room with an AC and for the upgrading fee to be waived reasonable? Please explain? 4. As a disability service advisor, how would you advocate or resolve this matter? 5. What type of accommodations and terms would you recommend and why?

Explain the implications of increasing the price you will charge Vanda-Laye Corporation verses what it was previously charged.

Your consulting firm was just granted an exclusive contract for Vanda-Laye Corporation. You now must decide your pricing policy. The firm will encounter no fixed costs, and all revenue is after taxes. As your firm has been granted an exclusive contract, your pricing and output decisions will be those of a monopolist. Tasks: Analyze what a monopolist is and the effects it could have on the consulting firm. Evaluate if any antitrust policies need to be put into place.  How will your pricing policy be justified? Explain the implications of increasing the price you will charge Vanda-Laye Corporation verses what it was previously charged.

Is Fat the Next Tobacco?

Work on your third and fourth body paragraphs or Sections 3 and 4 (Paragraph 3 and 4) of your essay. * Your introduction was paragraph 1. Remember, cite and include a piece of research. Topic sentence – Main idea I. Source C. Cite E. Explanation or discussion Analysis Closing sentence or Topic sentence – Main idea Explanation or discussion of topic sentence idea I. Source C. Cite E. Explanation or discussion Analysis Closing sentence * You may continue working on your paragraphs but only the first body paragraph is due on September 5th. Anterior _________________________________________ Example Running Head: Fast food a problem in America “Food industry should eliminate the production of fast food because a fast food diet leads to preventable and expensive health issues, such as, obesity.” Alian Castelnau Sanchez International Institute of Health Care Professionals ABSTRACT Rising rates of overweight and obesity pose a major challenge to the food industry. The industry has the opportunity to take positive steps to become part of the solution, rather than part of the problem, which is the increasing perception. By 1999-2000 almost two-thirds of American adults were overweight or obese. The percentage of overweight children and adolescents rose by about three-fold between 1980 and 2000. Overweight and obesity are now considered a serious health care crisis, with increased risk of many serious diseases. An obese person in America incurs an average of $1,429 more in medical expenses annually. Approximately $147 billion is spent in added medical expenses per year within the United States The dramatic growth in obesity and overweight among Americans has become a hot topic, receiving widespread attention in the media. To name just a few examples, the August 19, 2002 cover of U.S. News and World Report proclaimed in big letters, “Super-Size America: How Our Way of Life is Killing Us”. The title of an October 21, 2002 article in Business Week was “Why We’re So Fat”. The cover of Fortune on January 21, 2003 asked, “Is Fat the Next Tobacco?” With 64.5 percent of American adults overweight or obese, 30.5 percent actually obese, and 15 percent of children and adolescents obese in 1999-2000, the problem is now considered a major health crisis, and is being referred to as an epidemic by many in the medical community. All ages, racial and ethnic groups have seen increases in obesity and overweight. ( Leveille, Gilbert, 2013) Food industry should eliminate the production of fast food because a fast food diet leads to preventable and expensive health issues, such as, obesity On one level solving the obesity crisis is very simple. People need to eat less and/or engage in more physical activity. (CDC, NCCDHP, 2012) However, this is in reality very difficult for most people to do since diet and activity are deeply embedded in their lifestyle and reflect the culture, they live in. Few medical treatment programs that focus on behavioral change can claim long term success in changing fundamental food and exercise habits. Typically, success with dieting is only short term and not permanent, with the lost weight eventually all being regained. All too frequently people go through cycles of weight gain and dieting, while they continue to gain weight over time. At the current time, experts suggest there are no pharmaceutical drugs on the horizon which are likely to make a major contribution to solving the obesity problem. And physicians recommend the surgical procedures that are available only for extreme cases because of the cost and risks involved, which brings us back to behavior change. If most people are to succeed at achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, they need to have much stronger support from the health and food industries, government and their communities. A healthier cultural attitude towards food will have to be developed, as well as an environment that is more conducive to exercise and physical activity. William Dietz of the CDC argues that American cities must be redesigned more for pedestrians than automobiles. It will certainly not be easily given the complexity of the underlying factors and the dimensions of the changes which will likely be required, but a start must be made given the grave health risks involved and the rising proportion of the population affected. A key component of this effort will be getting the message to the public that still generally sees extra weight as a concern related to physical appearance, not a serious risk to health. (Michael J. Thun, 2013.) “The Surgeon General’s Call To Action” recommends that people determine their BMI and start on a gradual weight loss program if it is too high. The program would involve following healthy eating guidelines and sensible portion sizes, as well as increasing physical activity and reducing time spent in sedentary activities, such as watching television. For many people, walking more will be the easiest way to become more physically active. Experts who have thought carefully about realistic approaches tend to focus on the following areas. One frequently mentioned is improving the food options and increasing physical activities for school children. Industry is being called on to provide more healthy product options, better consumer guidance, and more socially responsible advertising and marketing. Communal programs that encourage physical activity and improved food habits need to be expanded and strengthened, hopefully, with food industry support, as well as that from health care providers and government institutions at various levels. Since the prevalence of obesity, although rising, is still much lower in Europe and in other cultures, there may be much that can be learned from their food and activity attitudes and habits. (Wolf, Anne and G. Colditz, 1998.) Changing Business Strategies McDonald’s introduced the Mclean hamburger in 1991, which had only 10 grams of fat and 320 calories. Burger King in 1990 put Weight Watchers fettuccine and boiled chicken on the menu with 298 calories and 11 grams of fat. Taco Bell launched its Border Light products in 1995. All these products have since been discontinued. When the fast food industry is criticized for their offerings, the response is frequently that when they offered low-fat, low-calorie options they simply did not sell well enough to keep on the menu. Many packaged food companies have experienced the same kinds of lack of consumer interest in such products. However, the obesity crisis has become critical and the food industry will have to help contribute to the solution by offering appealing new, low-fat, low-calorie choices and make a real commitment to marketing them. In addition, the industry needs to move towards sensible portion sizes to help people eat less, as well as much better guidance on nutrition content and serving size. Many companies are beginning to respond to this challenge. Kraft Foods, the largest food manufacturer, announced in July 2003 that it intended to reduce the portion sizes of single-serving packages, eliminate all in-school marketing, cut the fat and calories in many products, and establish a high-level nutrition advisory council, as well as several other initiatives. The announcement received considerable applause, but was also met with skepticism by some nutrition and food industry experts. As a New York Times article stated, “Now comes the hard part. How does the maker of Oreo cookies, Velveeta cheese, Tombstone Pizza and Oscar Mayer wieners actually help trim waistlines? And can a food giant profit from selling people on the idea of eating less?”60 The Subway Chain has generated favorable publicity by offering “healthful alternatives to traditional fatty fast food, many of which have less than six grams of fat or less”, according to its website. Frito-Lay, the snack food division of PepsiCo, has initiated a major effort to develop lower-fat, lower calorie snack products. They are being advised by two well-known weight-control doctors. And many other companies are moving in similar directions. Now the real challenge is to get enough customers buying these products to make them a permanent part of their menus and product lines. With that in mind, companies need to not only develop the products, but commit to innovative marketing campaigns that will help them succeed with the consumer. In some cases, new products may not even be required, but redirected promotional efforts are. Most teenagers, especially boys, although heavy drinkers of soft drinks, do not drink diet sodas. Marketing efforts directed toward shifting their consumption to non-caloric drinks would make a real contribution. However, the changes in promotion need to be far broader than simply successfully marketing new “healthier” products. A lot of television ads for food products have people engaged in strictly sedentary activities, other than simply eating meals, like sitting watching a football game on TV. A subtle message can be sent if rather than showing a bunch of young men watching a football game on TV, they are taking a break from actually playing football themselves to eat a snack or have something to drink. Government and others trying to promote healthier diets and more physical activity also really need the assistance of the advertising industry, since most such efforts have not been very skillful or effective. One area in which the food industry might well face regulation if they do not move towards self-regulation is the kinds of products and marketing efforts directed at young children. The industry can develop a set of standards for marketing to young children, much as the movie industry did with their rating system on the suitability of films for young people. When nutrition labeling was mandated for food products in the early 1990s, restaurants and other food service providers were exempted. Most fast food outlets have information in a pamphlet on nutrition content behind the counter and on their websites. Many people are eating at new fast casual chains, such as Baja Fresh and Panera, assuming their products are healthier than the older chains. However, Baja’s grilled chicken salad and Panera’s ham and swiss sandwich actually have more calories than a McDonald’s Quarter Pounder with Cheese. Most customers would probably be very surprised to learn this. Overall, a much better job needs to be done communicating nutrient content information to consumers. Again, if the industry does not act, the result may be further government regulation. The Hilton Hotel chain, at least in Europe, is providing cards to their guests with guidance on low fat and low calorie, hi-energy, high fiber, low cholesterol, as well as “Big Time!” items on their breakfast menus. There are some examples of offering more sensible portion sizes. Red Lobster, a casual sitdown restaurant chain, has started to offer half-portions at a lower price for some of its entrees. Something other restaurants also do, but needs to become a much more widespread practice. When Starbuck’s opened a coffee outlet in Vienna, Austria the muffins they offered were significantly smaller than in the United States, with only half the sugar. Many packaged products, such as potato chips, sold as snacks in vending machines and at stores, which many consumers assume are a single serving, actually contain several servings. If the industry does not act, eventually it may be required to put the total number of calories in the package in big numbers on the label. More generally, the food industry needs to play a central role in convincing typical American consumers that “less can be more”, when it comes to eating. (OECD), 2012) Looking ahead The challenge posed by overweight and obesity to our society cannot be ignored. The situation is only likely to get worse if an aggressive effort is not made to address it. James Hall, an expert in the area and a leader of Colorado On the Move and now America On the Move, has predicted if the current trends are not changed that the portion of the U.S. population that is overweight or obese will reach 75 percent by the end of this decade. Moreover, new medical evidence is regularly being released on the serious harmful effects of overweight and obesity on health. Making significant progress will be difficult, since individuals must make fundamental changes in their eating and activity habits. It would seem both unjustified and unproductive to focus blame exclusively on the food industry. No specific food is unhealthy eaten in moderation. Only an overall diet and lifestyle can be considered more, or less, healthy. The underlying causes are complex and reflect the American lifestyle as we know it. Curiously, even though studies suggest additional television viewing is associated with increased obesity, no one is yet filing lawsuits against the TV networks or cable channels. The food industry will have to be part of the solution though, hopefully by cooperating in the effort and taking voluntary actions. Otherwise, if the industry takes a defensive, antagonistic posture, the end result is likely to be more government regulation and intervention. (Winslow, Ron and Peter Landers, 2012) Combating obesity is one area in which we may be able to learn a considerable amount from the eating and daily activity habits of people in other countries and cultures, especially Europe. It must be admitted that academics who criticize aspects of American life and suggest we do things more like the Europeans can be tiresome. However, although obesity is increasing in Europe and becoming a worldwide problem, as discussed earlier, the proportion of people who are obese in countries like France and Italy are still substantially lower than in the United States. In these nations, although automobile ownership is widespread, most people do more walking in their daily lives than we do. Walking seems to be the key since it does not appear to be true that more European adults go to the gym or engage in specific exercise activities than Americans. Perhaps more importantly, many of the Italians and French still have an attitude towards food that emphasizes quality, not quantity. This is reflected in their shock at the portion sizes in many American restaurants when they visit the United States. Some would say that people such as the French and the Italians actually enjoy their food more, but worry about it less than we do. A change in attitude towards “less can be more” must become popular in the United States, if major progress is to be made against the obesity epidemic. Significantly, people in Europe actually spend a larger portion of their household budgets on food. “A less can be more attitude” that emphasized the sensory quality of food might actually mean that Americans would spend more on food, not less.

What is the justification for including these predictor variables?

Week 9 Discussion: Multiple Regression This Discussion assists in solidifying your understanding of statistical testing by engaging in some data analysis. This week you will work with a real, secondary dataset to construct a research question, estimate a multiple regression model, and interpret the results. Whether in a scholarly or practitioner setting, good research and data analysis should have the benefit of peer feedback. For this Discussion, you will post your response to the hypothesis test, along with the results. Be sure and remember that the goal is to obtain constructive feedback to improve the research and its interpretation, so please view this as an opportunity to learn from one another. To prepare for this Discussion: Review this week’s Learning Resources and media program related to multiple regression. Create a research question using the Afrobarometer Dataset or the HS Long Survey Dataset, that can be answered by multiple regression. By Day 3 Use SPSS to answer the research question. Post your response to the following: If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1Par1Edu. What is your research question? What is the null hypothesis for your question? What research design would align with this question? What dependent variable was used and how is it measured? What independent variables are used and how are they measured? What is the justification for including these predictor variables? If you found significance, what is the strength of the effect? Explain your results for a lay audience, explain what the answer to your research question.

How do you feel about the ACA position of not referring clients based on value differences?

Reaction Paper Assignment Instructions Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to explore the professional and ethical issues of counseling and referring when dealing with counselor-client value differences.    Directions:  To begin this assignment, you will need to access and read the following sources, the first 3 of which can be found in the Module/Week 2 Reading & Study folder:   1. Kocet and Herlihy’s article on values based ethical decisions: Kocet, M. M., & Herlihy, B. J. (2014). Addressing value‐based conflicts within the counseling relationship: A decision‐making model. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(2), 180-186.   2. The American Counseling Association’s (ACA) position on referrals: Martz, E., & Kaplan, D. (2014). New responsibilities when making referrals. Counseling Today, 57(4), 24-25.   3. Sells, J. N., & Hagedorn, W. B. (2016). CACREP accreditation, ethics, and the affirmation of both religious and sexual identities: A response to Smith and Okech. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(3), 265-279.     For this article you need to focus on the material starting on page 273 at “Embracing the Tension of Humanity” to the end.      Divide your paper into the headings below and address each question under each heading:   Summarize (1–2 pages) In this section, summarize what you have read by condensingthe three articles. Prove that you have comprehended the material by writing a clear, brief summary of the main points of each source. A summarization is not a commentary; rather, it is an insightful précis of the longer, more elaborate article. It must provide a clear overview of the material.    Reflect (1–2 pages) In this section reflect on what you just read and answer the following questions: • Having read the articles, what new realizations and/or questions occurred for you? • How do you feel about the ACA position of not referring clients based on value differences?

Describe geologic causes, casualties, and damages. Other recommended websites:

Details  Be creative. Feel free to use unique layouts and illustrate your points with figures. All one-page papers must include these elements:  Papers may not exceed one page!!  Creative and descriptive title (Bad Title: Minerals are Great! Good Title: Quartz is Everywhere)  Your name  Date of submission  Substantive and detailed text   Illustrations, with captions and citations  APA-formatted bibliography of citations  Topics will be selected on the discussion board. First come, first served!     Solar System  Minerals  Rocks  Volcanoes & Earthquakes  All one-page papers must be submitted to both the Canvas assignment portal and the discussion board locations as PDF files. Why PDF files?  The format of your work will not change between your computer and mine, unlike documents from word processing programs, which often change formats when you change computer platforms.  You can use color without going through the time or expense of printing in color.  The PDF file name must be in the following format: YourLastName_Topic.pdf  For example, Hall_Quartz.pdf. Upload all PDFs to the assignment portal on Canvas  Refer to the course schedule for deadlines.  Avoid plagiarism by writing all material in your own words. Do not use direct quotations and be sure to list all sources of information in your bibliography, which includes all sources for factual information and illustrations. The bibliography can be in addition to your one-page paper and should grow along with your writing series.     Remember, the first information you find is not necessarily the best information. Your goal is to include the best information on the topic in your one-page paper. Be sure to include vocabulary that you have learned in class and tell me something new. The best papers will look great and have excellent, substantive, detailed scientific content.  Format the one-page paper so that it is visually appealing. Use any fonts you like, so long as they are clear and readable. Please use an 11 point font or larger for the main body of your text. You may use smaller fonts for figure captions.  Use reputable sources for your scientific material. You may start with Wikipedia, but you may not use it as the ultimate source for substantive information. You must confirm any material in Wikipedia by using other reliable sources: books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, or websites of universities, museums, scientific societies, and government institutions. You should not need to list Wikipedia in your bibliography, except for figures.  Please include a bibliography of all of your sources in APA or GSA format at the end of the paper. Please be sure to use in-text citations. In some way, indicate which figures come from which sources. For example, you might number the figures on your one-pager and then have a list of figure sources in your bibliography.  The grammar and spelling in your one-page paper should be perfect. These are short, concise assignments that you should edit, review, and revise many times before turning them in the first time. Review your work again before submitting with your portfolio at the end of the semester.  Grading  The grading rubric for the one-page papers is attached to the assignment. I may modify it as the semester progresses, if the need arises.  Discussion board responses are a separate grade and worth 20 points each.     Requirements for Each Topic  All papers must contain illustrations, comprehensive descriptions of your topics, and a bibliography. The minimal information that must be included for each topic is listed below. Be sure to include other relevant and interesting material as well.     Solar System:  Start your research on the NASA website: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/ (Links to an external site.)     Minerals and Rocks:  Include the chemical formula, physical properties, hand specimen identification, geologic occurrence, and origin of the mineral name.  Recommended sources:  Smithsonian Mineral Gallery: http://geogallery.si.edu/index.php/en/minerals/all (Links to an external site.)  Minerals, textures, hand specimen identification, geologic occurrence  Recommended source:  Lab text: Oceanography by Trujillo  Volcanoes & Earthquakes:  Use NOAA’s Natural Hazards Viewer at http://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/hazards/ (Links to an external site.) to create a map of regional earthquake and volcanic activity as well as determine basic information. Explain why there are volcanoes and/or earthquakes in the area. Explain map symbols using a legend or figure caption.  Describe geologic causes, casualties, and damages.  Other recommended websites:  Natural Hazards Image Database: http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazardimages/ (Links to an external site.)  S. Geological Survey: http://geohazards.usgs.gov (Links to an external site.), http://volcanoes.usgs.gov (Links to an external site.)  Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Global Volcanism Program: http://www.volcano.si.edu

Discuss the founding figures, events, and ideas of this school of thought.

Scenario Congratulations! Imagine you have landed a researcher’s job. Your first project is to contribute to a reference manual for health care providers published by your organization. This manual will be used as an internal “encyclopedia” that providers can use to find detailed information on mental health services available to affiliated clinics. Assignment Preparation You have been asked to trace the history and influence of a new school of thought: feminist psychology, environmental psychology, liberation psychology (includes LGBTQ psychology and Black psychology), positive psychology, or behavioral genetics. Assignment Instructions In your paper include the following: Discuss the founding figures, events, and ideas of this school of thought. Analyze the historical influences that led to the development of this school of thought. Analyze the societal influences that led to the development of this school of thought. Analyze how this school of thought guides social thinking. Provide examples.