Please comment to each individual discussion. These are 4 different discussion and try not to put it all together as an essay. This is an online class. Please enumerate each answers. this is 4 different discussions. I should have 4 different answer. Reply with 4-5 sentence per discussion.1. According to Duke University, “Intentional plagiarism is claiming sole authorship of a work that you know to have been written largely by someone else”. Either by paying someone to write paper for you or letting someone else for you, buying a pre-written paper, and submitting work done by you without saving it for future use. Unintentional plagiarism, on the other hand, is failure to comply to all correct scholarly rules such as failing to cite a source, paraphrasing, quoting or summarizing based on your own words without the intent to cheat.I agree that punishments for plagiarizing should be adjusted according to what’s committed. Unintentional plagiarism should get less punishment as it shows that even though the student are failing to comply with proper rules, effort has been done compared to doing a well written paper that is not done by the student doing that paper. To be very good with APA formatting, one must be expose to a lot of learning in doing and applying it so Reference:“Plagiarism Tutorial.” Plagiarism Tutorial at Duke University, Duke University, plagiarism.duke.edu/intent/.2. When a distinction is made in how plagiarized work is viewed or classified, it is because not all plagiarized work is created equal. Unintentional plagiarism happens when students borrow words and ideas and cite them incorrectly (Marsh, 2017). This also happens when students unintentionally plagiarize when they don’t realize that borrowed ideas and short phrases must be cited. Intentional plagiarism is when the student copies entire paragraphs, whole essays, and pieces of work without citing. Both are offenses, but one is more serious than the other and judgement and punishments for both should be adjusted. I think it is fair to say that we all have made mistakes in the past of unintentionally plagiarizing work; and for some, it cost them their grade. I have made this mistake myself and have learned from it. I also noticed, in an instance or two, that I had done so much research in one particular topic that I internalized the thoughts and they intermingled with mine and I didn’t realize some phrases were the same or a combination of the research I had conducted. I believe that process was unintentional in my part and should be dealt with differently than intentional plagiarism.ReferencesMarsh, B. (2017). Plagiarism: Alchemy and Remedy in Higher Education. Albany: State University of New York Press.3. The grand nursing theories discussed in this week’s readings can be primarily categorized into three categories: human needs, models and theories interactive process, and unitary process. A grand nursing theory based on that of human needs would be Florence Nightingale’s model of nursing. Her model was created before the acceptance of the germ theory as she came to the conclusion that cleanliness and sanitation were key factors to healing. Her experience in the army hospital helped her to come up with her ideas on nursing. Nightingale’s philosophy was based on the needs of the patients and how their quality of care could be improved. The five points she considered to be integral to having a healthy house were clean air, clean water, efficient drainage, overall cleanliness and adequate light. Her philosophy really focused on the nursing aspect and what nurses could do to ensure that they make the proper assessment and interventions to optimize patient care. Unlike Nightingale, Rosemarie Parse’s nursing theory was based on a unitary process. She created the Human becoming Paradigm from Rogers’s work. Her theory also included ideas from existential phenomenological thought. Parse based on studies from her experience as well as theoretical principles of human sciences. She believed that human becoming is structuring, configuring rhythmic human universe patterns, transcending illimitably with emerging possibilities, and cocreating a seamless symphony. Compared to Nightingale’s theory that focuses more on direct nursing care in a clinical and scientific way, Parse sheds light on other aspects of nursing that focus on the emotional and psychosocial sides. Both theories offer their own unique contribution to the field of nursing that we still see in our present-day nursing care. Reference:McEwen, M. Theoretical Basis for Nursing. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781496351210/Moyle, W., Rickard, C. M., Chambers, S. K., & Chaboyer, W. (2015). The Partnering with Patients Model of Nursing Interventions: A First Step to a Practice Theory. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 3(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare30202524. Nursing theories are categorized under three main groupings: human need theories which are particulate or deterministic in nature, interactive theories and unitary process theories. For this discussion post, one of the nursing theories I choose is the Florence Nightingale’s model of nursing. in this model Florence advocates for cleanliness, pure water and good food. Based on presentations on theories, individuals can maintain healthy environments in several ways; Nightingale proposes ways such as ventilation, warming, lighting, avoidance of noise, cleaning and drying of beds (Ziebarth & Solari-Twadell, 2020). Nightingale describes a responsible nurse as one who values their patients and they mainly engage in the observation of the sick, personal cleanliness, cleaning of rooms and walls, and avoidance of chattering homes and advices. In application of this theory, Nightingale describes nursing as an art that is based on compassion, observation, experience, statistical data, sanitation, nutrition and administrative skills; the central concern of nursing is environment and the concept of health is to be well.Another nursing theory I choose for this discussion is Henderson’s nursing model. In this model, Henderson advocates that nurses should ensure that patients breathe normally, eat and drink adequately, this is in order to enable them to regain strength quickly hence quick recovery. Henderson also advocates that individuals should consider elimination of body waste in time in order to prevent the rising of health conditions (Ziebarth & Solari-Twadell, 2020). The implications of this nursing model is to avoid dangers in the environment, keeping the body clean and well groomed, maintaining body temperature within normal ranges and the worshipping according to one’s faith. Henderson’s nursing model is different from the Nightingale’s model as it involves the learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and also uses health facilities.ReferenceZiebarth, D. J., & Solari-Twadell, P. A. (2020). Advancing Nursing Theory Within Faith Community Nursing. In Faith Community Nursing (pp. 51-73). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-16126-2_4
